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Our findings in detail

From invisible to indispensable:

Our findings in detail

1.

Unsatisfied with school-based CSE, youth seek information elsewhere–with mixed results.

2.

Discrimination experiences are similar around the world.

3.

Bisexual and pansexual youth face erasure of their sexual orientation.

4.

Bisexual and pansexual youth face harmful misinformation about their identities.

5.

Discrimination causes bisexual and pansexual youth to experience pervasive doubt and uncertainty.

6.

There’s a significant lack of funding and sensitivity training that impacts CSE programs and educators.

7.

Opposition to CSE and LGBTQIA+ rights causes widespread mental and emotional harm.

8.

Inclusive CSE that addresses bisexual and pansexual identities and needs would have huge mental and physical health benefits.

1.

Unsatisfied with school-based CSE, youth seek information elsewhere–with mixed results.

From invisible to indispensable: Finding 1
Youth participants received CSE information through both formal channels (for example at school) and informal channels (for example through peers, parents, social media, pornography, and the internet). Over half of the young people we spoke to didn’t feel like school-based CSE programming met their needs, and as a result sought out information informally. However, information through informal channels–particularly social media, the internet, and pornography–was hard to navigate, often incorrect, and in some cases overwhelming.
“I learned that [information found online can be unreliable] the hard way. I actually had an experience with abortion, and that was one of my fears, that I would carry cancer as a consequence of what I’m about to do, and it was one of the main hindrances of making that choice. Of course, the number one hindrance was that it is criminalized where I am. So, those were some of the factors that I thought about. But my abortion provider was very kind, very caring, and smarter than my school nurse.”

“It wasn’t the best experience because you were just thrown into the deep end sometimes. And I was on Tumbler; I found a lot of stuff on Google; any random question I had I would pose it to my mom. She tiptoed around it. I was on Google, and Google was like ‘yeah, here.’”

“The last thing they had on their minds was creating queer inclusive curriculum. They just wanted to get kids through … and not get pregnant. You know, we had a girl in my school who had to leave school when she was 14 because she got pregnant… [so our school] focused on a damage limitation thing–on a shoe-string budget, incredibly exhausted, overworked, undertrained staff. I don’t hold them personally responsible for the low-quality education we received.”

“I think within the past year I downloaded Grinder, and that had, sending email notifications, probably the best online sexual health information that I have found.”

2.

Discrimination experiences are similar around the world.

Despite differences in geography and socio-political environment, there is striking similarity in the types of discrimination and challenges bisexual and pansexual youth, advocates, and educators experience–from confusion about their sexual orientation to outright lies about bisexuality or pansexuality.

Interviewer: Can you recall anything either in sex ed or in your conversations with friends, or on the internet where there was specific information for bi or pan people?

“No. [laughter] No.”

Interviewer: What messages have you been exposed to either personally or through your work about bisexuality?

“Discrimination from the LGBT community. They think we are indecisive. From the community, they’re like: ‘Ah, it’s a phase.’ From your parents, they’re like: ‘Oh, a phase.’ Or if you had an aware parent, ok, they’re accepting. Or for others, from mental health practitioners and interventionists, they’re like: ‘You have trauma. You politically have trauma.’ And they want to assess: ‘You can’t decide whether you’re into men or women. Something must have happened.’ So, the message is: It’s a phase; from the LGBTQIA+ [community], you do not want to decide; from mental health people, you have trauma; something is making you do this, because if you’re basically enjoying sex from men–meaning, as a community, obviously we are conditioned to be heterosexual—so, you, your homosexuality with women, comes from trauma. So, please tell us about it. Sign up for therapy, for free therapy services. Come and find out why.”

“Well, so, in high school they explained what bisexuality is, in the health courses. They explained how it was different, how it can affect your health differently, like, sexual health, and what information and precautions you needed to take differently than if you were straight, but, I mean, there was pretty much nothing on pansexuality in the formal setting.”

“Ok. So, in terms of bisexuality, I think that people still only see it as two, right? Bi equals two, right? The definition that we now use of two or more is one that is really affecting it, and I think that using bisexuality to prove that there’s only two genders isn’t correct and something that people use to … weaponize against the idea of people who are non-binary or people who have another queer identity.”

“Here in Nigeria, homosexuality is illegal. So, I mean, people talk about it, yeah, but it’s more, it’s still questioned and in informal circles. It’s taboo. I mean, what you hear from your peers is negative; what you hear from your church is negative; what you hear from family is negative. So, I mean, [I get accurate information] just from my interactions with my friends and the internet, and Western media.”

3.

Bisexual and pansexual youth face erasure of their sexual orientation.

Youth, advocates, and educators reported high amounts of erasure. Bisexual and pansexual people’s sheer existence was questioned in all spaces–even LGBTQ-friendly spaces.
From invisible to indispensable: Finding 3

“I think school not talking about bisexuality was really harmful to me because at least to some degree people knew about homosexuality; people knew there were gay and lesbian people, but I wasn’t aware that you could be bisexual. Like, I did hear that there were bisexual people, but it wasn’t an option. It wasn’t something that you could be, really. I knew bisexual people existed, but in my mind I had just two options: heterosexual or homosexual. So, it was very painful for me to realize I am bisexual.”

“I think in the UK, we’ve seen a massive failure to, even among the organized left and organized queer spaces, to properly recon with bodily autonomy and freedom of one’s body and ability to understand it and whatever; it’s like an organizing principle. I can’t speak to anywhere else, but I certainly feel that that’s failed over here.”

“We had a sub-meeting in Ghana, for LGBTI persons, and we had absolutely no one identify as bisexual. I don’t know if it’s the education that is not enough for them to really know how to identify themselves, or it’s just that they don’t exist here in Ghana. But for Ghana, I don’t know of any bisexuals. It’s so unfortunate.”

“When I exercise my commitment to explicitly include or center bi/pan folks, bi/pan youth, I’m going to get it from multiple sides. I’m going to get it from the sex-negative folks, period. And I’m going to get it from the monosexist and biphobic folks who are sex-positive but are biphobic and monosexist or homonormative, particularly when they’re unconscious about that. So, that also becomes the challenge.”

“If I say that I’m more into men, then I’m categorized as gay instead of bi or pansexual.”

“Right now, from what I have experienced and what I’ve seen in my environment, there isn’t inclusion at all. Basically, homosexuality… you are left to your own imagination, and, for you, if you fall in that category, it’s now go and explore and do your own research, because there is no space for you at all.”

“Some people want to draw a line and some people want to basically put up a wall, but you can’t exactly stand on the wall. You can cross through the wall; you just can’t stand on the wall. And I feel like a fair amount of bisexual people stand on the wall or stand really close to the wall. And it’s just, like ‘Yeah, you’re not supposed to be there.’”

4.

Bisexual and pansexual youth face harmful misinformation about their identities.

Youth said they were exposed to mis- and disinformation about bisexual and pansexual people, including messages that bisexual and pansexual people are promiscuous, sinful, taboo, risky, unsure of themselves, attention seeking, or only exist as a fetish for others.

“When we come across people [who have been exposed to misinformation], we have to do a lot of education for them to understand themselves … Most of them go through [mental health challenges]; so, then, we have to educate them on that. There is nothing wrong with this. Like I said, you are special; that is why you are attracted to both persons.”

“My mom said: ‘Ok, I can respect that you’re bisexual, but don’t tell your father because I don’t know what he would do to you, if he would beat you or, I don’t know, try to kill you, or something like that.’ So, it’s very difficult.”

“[Pansexuality] almost never really comes up. Or even if it does come up, it’s kind of wrapped up in the bisexual umbrella, if you will.

“I was, like, very much the most vocally bi person at my school, which was… kind of lonely and … since I know [nothing] about bi sex education, nobody else did either, you know?”

5.

Discrimination causes bisexual and pansexual youth to experience pervasive doubt and uncertainty.

The erasure and stigma arising from mis- and disinformation have the harmful impact of causing bisexual and pansexual young people to doubt themselves, doubt the skills and expertise of their teachers, and even doubt their sexual orientation.

Interviewer: Do you recall any information specifically for bi or pansexual folks, whether that be good or bad, or anything?

“Yeah, that we don’t exist; that we’re not real. That it’s a black and white thing. I think it coincides with the idea that there are only two genders. So, we’re completely erased from sex ed. It’s not actually possible to be attracted to a whole spectrum of people. Yeah. I don’t have anything to say because we’re erased; we’re not there. – Filipina & Mexican cisgender woman, age 23, Philippines

“[Pansexual people] feel they are lost; they feel they don’t belong anywhere. So, that is when we tell them that, ok, whatever you’re feeling is normal. It’s normal for you to be attracted romantically, emotionally, sexually to any person you feel like being attracted to. It’s normal.”

“I feel like most people assume that I’m straight. And look, I don’t really feel the need to correct them because, even though my sexuality is a big part of me, I’m not going to tell somebody unless they ask, or it just comes out in conversation.”

“I get the experience that when I’m accessing health services, the health providers [question] me, especially when I say that I have sexual relationships with women and also with men. They question why with men and why don’t you just choose to have sexual relationships with women instead? So, I’m being questioned for being bi, and that feels uncomfortable.”

“It was a very pleasant experience that really woke me up to think about being bisexual in the queer community, and I started to go to the internet more and talk to people. And I think that’s the first time I was in contact with biphobia, explicit biphobia, very violent biphobia, especially from lesbians, which at the time I was very shocked. I was like: ‘Are you being biphobic to me? I’m part of your community.’ I felt betrayed and I felt really bad. I was very angry; I’m still angry. But I know that we are the same community; I know that in the end it’s the heterosexual, patriarchal structure that makes people behave like that. I know it’s entirely their fault, but I’m still angry. They demand a lot of my time; I think I have to explain myself so much, so much, so much.”

Finding 5: Discrimination causes bisexual and pansexual youth to experience pervasive doubt and uncertainty

6.

There’s a significant lack of funding and sensitivity training that impacts CSE programs and educators.

In general, CSE programs are underfunded–and this impacts bisexual and pansexual youth disproportionately because teachers don’t have access to training and resources that would help them move away from heteronormative instruction.

“Every time you switch topics, it’s as if [a student’s] brain goes … ‘We’re now talking about straight people.’ I’ve actually included in my spiel that we all in this class, including me, see things in a heterosexual way, whether you admit it or not, whether you admit it or not, because that’s the way our society has conditioned us. So, when I talk about relationships, consent, when I talk about what is sex, I am not, I am NOT, talking about straightness because then that’s our heterosexual lens coming back in. I am talking about relationships of all people, contraception use for all people, and so I really need for everyone to take their heterosexual lens off, ok? So, let’s take our lens off, and then students will, like, do this. And then after that, they typically get the hint.”

“There is very little financial support to do work that includes explicitly or that centers bi and pan youth. There is resistance and hostility toward programs that either explicitly include or center bi and pan youth from LGBTQIA+organizations and mainstream LGBTQIA+advocates in the field.”

“[G]etting a [coalition] partner that understands the objectives, understands the vision of the project, has been hard.”

7.

Opposition to CSE and LGBTQIA+ rights causes widespread mental and emotional harm.

Nearly all respondents mentioned the multi-level attacks on sexuality education from the religious right and other networks and leaders opposed to CSE. These attacks made participants worried, cynical, and doubtful about the accuracy of their sex education (both youth and advocates/educators). Respondents also shared the harmful effects of widespread attacks on LGBTQIA+ rights.

“The grassroots, I speak to them about their sexuality and religion, because in Ghana we were told that being an LGBT person is a sin, and you go to hell, and it is taboo and all that. So, we correct them on everything. We make them understand your sexuality and your religion background; your religion background has nothing to do with your sexuality. Ok. Your sexuality is who you are, what you feel and who you are attracted to.”

“In the last elections, Bolsonaro went on national TV… and said that schools were forcing children to learn about how to become gay, and he lied about a program from the previous government that intended to abolish homophobia in schools, but he said that it was a gay kit that intended to change children [into] homosexuals or other kinds of LGBTQIA+ children.”

Interviewer: Tell me a little bit about where these messages are coming from. Are they coming from government officials? Are they coming from local advocates like you? Are they coming from the church?

“Right now, I would say it’s coming from a mix of government officials who are using the church as a cover or a windscreen, or morality as a windscreen to get their desires. They are being funded by right-wing organizations in the U.S. And they’re using morality as a false sense of rightness to just advance their agenda. But I feel like recently, because of all this, you find a lot more political figures who are involved in the attack, as opposed to before. Before it was mainly the religious leaders.”

“The member of parliament behind the anti-LGBTQIA+ bill in Ghana, Sam George, met with some … LGBT people and said that there are hospitals, hospitals meant for society, where LGBT people cannot go… So, you better identify as a heterosexual, if you really need proper care and services.”

“There is a local law here on LGBTQIA+ that says that if someone in public spaces is dressing or expresses like women, they will get detained and will be sent to rehabilitation. Although it is not anymore in public discussion, it still creates fears for the community.”

Broad harmful impacts from anti-gender movements

Forces of authoritarianism across the globe are wielding anti-gender advocacy and rhetoric in order to access and consolidate power. In places as diverse as Hungary, Ghana, Brazil, the United Kingdom and the United States, the religious right is attacking justice and well-being for LGBTQIA+people. Our study participants clearly communicated the harmful mental/emotional impacts of this movement in their own lives–not to mention the very tangible impacts on their access to health care, education and so much more.

In the United States, for example, righ-twing coalitions at the local, state, and federal level have successfully captured multiple legislatures, passing draconian laws that specifically target LGBTQI+ people. These laws deny access to life-saving care, ban comprehensive sexuality education, remove books from libraries and schools, forcibly out LGBTQIA+ students to their parents (even if that would result in harm to the students), ban drag performances and other gender nonconformity, and ban comprehensive sex education.

8.

Inclusive CSE that addresses bisexual and pansexual identities and needs would have huge mental and physical health benefits.

When asked what would have been the impact of inclusive CSE, participants said they would have had better access to information, they would have been physically and mentally healthier, their confidence would have improved (and improved earlier), they could have built healthy relationships, and that they would have felt a sense of relief, safety, and joy.

“I do this work as a queer person, as a bisexual person, and one of the fundamental social changes I want to see as a result of universal, public school sex education is queer liberation. We know that sex ed reduces bullying and harassment of queer kids in schools, inclusive sex ed does. We know that. And also increases the odds that kids will intervene if they see bullying and harassment. I mean, it would be so huge, right? It would reduce suicidality and all of this stuff we want to reduce, but also it would just be liberatory. It would just mean that bi and pan kids could grow up feeling like most white cis boys grow up feeling that their bodies and their sexualities are for them, are like not only normal but great, and that they know how to have healthy relationships and flourish with them.”

“I think [more] than just the bisexuality thing, better sex ed would have changed my life in a more fundamental way.”

“It would lead me to becoming more educated in a formal setting, which is obviously information that you can trust. It would leave people with less having to go online and sift through information themselves. So, I feel like that would be really meaningful. And, I mean, it would have probably helped me figure out my identity in a better timeline. I mean, it’s not fun having to be confused for years until you’re actually able to figure things out.”

“I mean, I think if I had had more of that, I would have been a lot less angry in high school. Like, I was very upset all of the time at bi marginalization, you know? And how it was just not something that anyone wanted to talk about. So, I think I would have been more able to focus and just feel like I was a meaningful member of the community, you know? I probably also … would have paid more attention in literature classes, because I would not have felt such a need to aggressively point out that all the characters are gay if I had felt like queer people mattered at all to my school. So, there’s that. I don’t know. It would have just prepared me better for life as an adult.”

From invisible to indispensable: Finding 8

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Suggested Citation: Ipas & Political Research Associates. (2023). From invisible to indispensable: New research shows why bisexual and pansexual youth need comprehensive sexuality education that meets their needs. Ipas. https://www.ipas.org/our-work/sexuality-education-that-includes-abortion/from-invisible-to-indispensable/